Velocity II
Through the velocity exercises that I have outlined in last month’s issue, we have moved from the predictable 5-4-3-2-1 sequence to simple patterns, such as 5-1-4-2-3, or 5-4-3-2-1-3-2-1, which can be rendered predictable rather easily by studying them in advance. If predictability is the key to velocity, or the most important one, then one way to frame the quest to be secure and comfortable in playing fast is to ask how any passage can best be made fully and consciously predictable. This month I will continue to focus on looking at one-line passages.
Predictability
The simple patterns that I suggested, beyond 5-4-3-2-1, were designed to be very easy to learn, where “learn” in this case means exactly the same thing as “make utterly predictable.” When we are dealing with pieces that are out there in the repertoire and that we haven’t concocted for this purpose, we have to do what we can to create this predictability for ourselves. This process can involve fingering choices and will always involve practice strategies and sometimes also various mental tips or tricks.
I find it fruitful to approach this, in part, by building up from the little exercises of the sort that I wrote about last month. One way to make it possible to do this is to find ways of dividing passages into small, simple components. These components might then be sufficiently approachable as to predictability that they don’t feel that different from the simple exercises. Then the issue becomes, in large part, one of putting all of those components together without losing the predictability.
Dividing into components
Example 1 shows the opening of J.S. Bach’s Toccata, Adagio, and Fugue in C, BWV 564, a useful laboratory for thinking about this. The two opening gestures, which we can assume are for the right hand, are very close to the kind of simple exercise that I have been presenting: more interesting musically, especially in the way in which they set up what follows, and a bit more complicated physically, but similar. You can come up with a straightforward fingering for each gesture and then execute it in the spirit of my procedure from last month.
Once you know the fingering (maybe 1-3-5-1-5 for the first one, for example, or 1-3-5-1-4; maybe 1-2-4-1-5 for the second) you can practice that fingering on the table or the arm of your chair. Make sure that you have remembered exactly what you want to do before launching into actually doing it. Then do it in as fast a tempo, and as lightly, as you can. For this moment of practicing, it seems permissible to me to ignore the rhythm and just play five notes in a row, very fast and at the same pace as one another. Then do the same with those fingers at the keyboard. You have to add in the element of moving 1 and perhaps 5 to new (nearby) notes. This shouldn’t slow you down, again as along as you remember it very consciously before you do it.
Notice, by the way, that the opening gestures of this piece work especially well for the right hand not just—or even mostly—because they are fairly high on the keyboard, but because the fastest notes are going down: the direction in which the right hand can take advantage of the closing-fist gesture that I discussed last month.
The gesture that begins measure 2 is longer. As he often does, Bach introduces technical elements in a way that is systematic enough that going through the passage from left to right is almost a sort of graded method. It will involve some moving or turning of the hand, one way or another, on the model of some of the latter exercises from last month.
If you finger the first nine notes as 5-4-3-2-1-4-3-2-1, then the moment of most concern as to predictability is between the f and the e, between 1 and 4. This is a routine gesture in keyboard fingering, but for the moment the point is to make it seem extra- or hyper-routine. This can be addressed by practicing smaller units that cross this spot. Initially away from the keyboard, perhaps: 5-4-3-2-1-4, of course; but also just 2-1-4; then 3-2-1-4, and so on. Then try units that allow you to practice recovering from that moment of enhanced potential unpredictability: 3-2-1-4-3; or 2-1-4-3; or 2-1-4-3-2, and so on.
Again, all of this can start away from the keyboard with that sense of light, fast drumming on a table. It can also mean, at the drumming stage, to practice a bit at first without doing the crossings: just “playing” the fingers in the requisite order. Then of course it should be brought back to the notes themselves, always with the same process: make sure that you know exactly what you are going to do before you do it, then carry it out as fast as physically possible.
What about the next grouping, beginning on middle c, just after the fourth beat of this second measure? The seven notes beginning on that middle c might as well be one of my exercises from last month. Fingered 1-2-3-4-3-2-1 or 2-3-4-5-4-3-2, that cluster of notes is as predictable as can be. But there is a transition coming right up. Adding the first two notes of measure 3 seems trivially straightforward if we use 1-2-3-4-3-2-1-2-1 for the nine-note pattern. The transition there is just a change of direction. But then we have to do something, perhaps 3-2-3 on the following three notes, or perhaps 2-1-2. Or we can go back and rethink things, perhaps changing the whole pattern to 1-2-3-4-3-2-1-4-3-2-1-2 or even 2-3-4-5-4-3-2-3-2-1-2-3. Which of these seems best from the point of view of seamless predictability? Which of the quite different transition points in these different fingers seems easiest to execute quickly and fluently?
Fingering and velocity
The last of these questions brings us to the matter of fingering choices as they affect velocity: that is, the question that I got from a reader and which provoked this set of columns. That question presents itself a bit differently for different musical textures. As long as there is one note at a time in a given hand, in theory the player has a free choice of any of the five fingers of that hand to play any note. And striving for speed is certainly not the only consideration in choosing fingering. In fact it is not often the main one, though it might sometimes be. However, it is always an available consideration, one that matters more or less in different circumstances.
Concerning the gestures from this toccata that we have looked at so far, just for “getting the notes,” we could play every note with 3 (which I mention first because it is the longest and most balanced finger) or with any other finger. This is also true of the next several measures. Not that we would, of course. This would be the fingering that made it hardest to get comfortable going fast (among other disadvantages). It locates a transition moment between every two notes and is as far from drumming on the table as you can get.
Probably the opposite—groupings that are as large as possible and that permit simply playing fingers in large groups rather than turning or moving the hand frequently—are the fingerings that physiologically permit the fastest playing. Fingerings that have many transition points—including, sometimes, more than would be strictly necessary, most likely for interpretive reasons—give the player more to think about and therefore have to be analyzed and practiced that much more to achieve flawless predictability. The lesson of last month’s exercises, however, is that no gesture of this sort is beyond the threshold of how fast any of us can move our fingers.
Here are several ways of fingering the first nine notes of the gesture that begins measure 4:
a) 5-4-3-2-3-2-1-2-3
b) 5-4-3-2-3-2-1-2-4
c) 5-4-3-2-3-2-1-3-4
d) 5-4-3-2-5-4-3-2-3
e) 5-4-3-2-5-4-3-2-4
f) 4-3-2-1-4-3-2-1-3
g) 4-3-2-1-4-3-2-1-2
h) 3-2-1-3-4-3-2-1-2
i) 3-2-1-3-4-3-2-1-3
j) 3-2-1-4-5-4-3-2-3
Try going through each of these and evaluating the easiness—naturalness, potential for predictability, as best you can assess it—of each of the transition points. (I have indicated them by bold italics.) Not all of these fingerings would seem to make any particular sense in the context of the whole passage. (The last three don’t since you are coming from below and not going any higher.) But they are part of an experiment. You may discover that they all seem more or less equal in the respect that we are talking about. Or you may find some of the transition points decidedly easier than others. This will depend in part on your training and habits and in part on the shape of your particular hand. Never forget that your unique hand matters: if your fifth finger is relatively short, for example, you might find c) quite awkward; if your second finger is significantly shorter than your third you will probably find b) meaningfully easier than a). How do the relative lengths of fingers 1, 2, and 3 affect the feeling of executing d) as opposed to e)? If your fourth finger is quite short, you will probably find g) easier than h).
There are several layers to what is going on here. First of all, you can move your fingers over all these notes and through any of these transition points as fast as this or any piece will require you to. (That is the lesson of last month’s exercises and the central point of all of this.) Second, if one way of planning a transition point—one fingering—seems easier than others, it is worth considering using that. Third, however, it is also often true that some ways of executing these transitions are more suitable musically/interpretively than others—that is, more like what you want to hear. For example, here are some things that the above fingerings will tend to accomplish in performance:
a) easy to play legato seamlessly
b) puts an automatic subtle articulation before the note on the second beat of the measure
c) seamless like a), but sets you up to proceed differently
d) puts an automatic subtle articulation before the “and” of the first beat
e) combines the articulations of b) and e)—and so on.
Placement of sharps and flats can determine which transition-moment fingerings will likely work best—or, sometimes, which are really awkward or would be nearly impossible at high speed. For example, if the b-naturals in this excerpt were b-flats, then fingerings a), b), and c) would be close to impossible—let’s say disastrously awkward. The b-flat would also affect the relative awkwardness/naturalness of d) and e), of f) and g), or of h) and i). This will all vary from one person’s hand to another’s. And, again, this is really about velocity. At a slow enough tempo, even the thumb-on-a-flat fingering of a), b), or c) could be carried out successfully, though it might have implications for articulation. The differences between the members of those other pairs of fingerings would be minor or nothing at a slow speed. Also, if the first note of the measure were an f-sharp rather than an f-natural, that might bring the last three fingerings into play for some people, since the third finger is longest and can reach raised keys the most easily and in the way that creates the best hand position.
So far I have been talking about playing fairly short passages very fast and light, using the feeling of drumming on the table, and never playing more than you can plan out and remember in advance. One very good way of incorporating this idea into the practicing of longer passages is a particular form of practicing with altered rhythm. I wrote about this in some detail in the column of May 2012. I quote the most relevant part here, with a couple of examples:
Another format for altering rhythms to create effective targeted practice strategies involves speeding up not one note at a time (every other note, as above) but clusters of notes. The classic way of organizing this is to play first all of the notes after each beat very fast, ending on and then holding the next beat, then to play all of the notes starting on each beat very fast, ending with the last off-the-beat note of each grouping. The template for doing this works as follows. For a set of notes written like Example 2, you would first play as shown in Example 3, with the notes under each slur played as fast as possible, and the notes under the fermatas held as long as necessary to feel ready to play the next cluster of fast notes; then Example 4.
In this case, the notes under the slurs should again be played as fast as possible. Then the last note of each grouping can be held until it feels comfortable to execute the next cluster of fast notes.
In applying this to practicing passages of the sort that we are talking about here, once you have fingered them and analyzed the transition spots, you can relax the evenness of the groupings. Just make sure that the short fast bits cover the transition moments and overlap with one another so that you are not creating moments where you have trained yourself to stop.
In next month’s column I will continue this topic and add some discussion of multi-note or multi-voice textures, along with a few special details, like the relationship of velocity to fingering in early music.
